"5.12" Wenchuan earthquake, the province more than 3000 cultural relics were severely damaged. Last March, the province started post-disaster rescue repair cultural relics, the Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute, Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Sanxingdui Museum of professional and technical personnel to assume this task. Currently, more than 2000 pieces of cultural relics damaged get repaired.
May 12 this year, the provincial cultural relics will be organized, "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake rescue cultural relics protection Exhibition, part of the repair will be re-displayed collections of cultural relics in the world.
Repair technique
x-ray energy spectrum analysis into the Bronze Rust
Repair fine, most people can not imagine. Conservation Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in the province center, the reporter saw the restorer of work sitting in front of the stage Feng Lu repair a piece of white ceramic tanks. "Pottery a little out of shape." He started with a hair dryer to blow hot pottery, and then file the edge of sub-polished Crops and Cropping applied with glue adhesive on the pottery and the tank. Pottery only about 10 cm high, very compact, very difficult hand to fixed. Therefore, Feng Lu a hot glue to get alcohol lamp heating, while plastic juice out, he quickly applied to the surface of just the interface bonding and increase the stability of pottery.
Dow tanks on the side so the cooling fixed, Feng Lu a fixed one and picked up most of the flat clay pots. This flat clay pots, not only renovating a surface to form a hole. Feng Lu left middle finger will be inserted into a hole and carefully, with support from the pottery to be bonded, while right hand fixed on the cracks on the pottery. A small piece of pottery to such a small piece of stitching is good, getting smaller and smaller holes, the fingers can no longer go into his.
"Now is the restoration of cultural relics collection LI Bai Memorial, more than 60." Feng Lu a, told reporters that the earliest start the repair paper tubes Qingchuan the collection of cultural relics, a total of 120 pieces. Next, also fixes three COUNTY tubes, paper tubes in the river county's heritage.
Feng Lu an impression, prone garlic paper pots tubes of bronze, a great test of his skills. Thin copper bronze pot, the pot part of the following serious deformation of the neck, missing, broken shoulder level is particularly serious and can not weld repair.
After repeated study, Feng Lu a finally come up with a way. He first removed the neck pot, and then inserted into the broken pot Wong body, so that pot body fixed. Tsubouchi with supports, then a little bit of debris, bonding with glue. Physical bonding, etc. After the pot, then remove the Wong Nai from the jar, again good repair pot pot neck and stitch the body and, finally, the use of mineral raw materials, the surface of old bronze pot, be considered success.
Teachers use a variety of tools to fix. Knife, pliers, hammers, saws, scissors, made of bamboo and so on, "more often local materials." Sun Jie, for example, some objects deformation occurred, it needs correction. "Particularly troublesome correction porcelain, bronzes can rely on the machine, porcelain can not." This is because the process can not be fixed porcelain glaze damage, while off than porcelain, metal hardware, no scalability. Repair masters to the adhesive tape or rubber bands tied up good china, if large objects, but also bundled with multiple rubber bands, and sometimes use the support pad and the thin wire, so that natural recovery porcelain radians.
In addition to the traditional approach to the use of Conservation can not do without modern technology. Wei Quan told reporters that before the restoration bronze x-ray energy spectrum analysis is necessary to use, scanning the electromagnetic spectrum analysis and other instruments of composition analysis and corrosion conditions. "Through analysis of copper, tin, lead, the ratio of metal to study the bronze into the rust, then judge are harmful rust or corrosion stability."
"If the test were found to have chloride ions to explain the rust on bronze is harmful to rust." Wei Quan said that this rust contagious, spread through the air, will be fully bronze corrosion, so the repair before the use of chemical ways to completely clear. "Use the shortest month of the time." Rust if it is stable, it will not affect the shape of bronze, structure, decoration and so on, then the repair will need to be retained, even after the repair done to the old bronze. "Because rust is also a record of the history of cultural information, can provide a basis for cultural studies."
In the Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the reporter saw the restorer of porcelain Crops damaged by the machine gently polished, revised debris deformation. Sun Jie said, some porcelain cracks formed after the collision, but not cracked or broken, many small cracks in the slag on the folder. In such cases, should be placed in porcelain using ultrasonic cleaning with distilled water, the slag completely cleared, and then repair cracks. After repair of porcelain but also for melamine treatment.
In addition to the collection of cultural relics restoration repair old as adhere to the principle, but also can be identified as the use of the principle and the principle of reversibility. This means that all repair cultural relics, "the same distance, close look different", which is deliberately left restorer repair records, materials used in the repair process is also reversible materials, when the cultural problems in the curing process or in the future to re-repair, can remove some of this re-splicing repair.
Difficult to repair
50 pieces of debris makes up a flat clay pots
Sunlight through the window, a Qing Dynasty about 60 cm high cinnabar vase, glazed in the light of glowing light. Hand gently rubbing the surface smooth, hard to find traces of repair. "This is a collection Cangxi paper tubes, repair broken into two parts before, and now stitching completed, there is a small gap in need of repair." Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Sun Jie, director of conservation said with a smile.
One white plastic bag, containing small and large pottery. Sun Jie standing work desk, remove the plastic bag from one of the few pieces of pottery, matching stitching ... ... March 31, the reporter walked into conservation center in Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, witnessed this scene.
In the Sun Jiedeng these people repair damaged cultural relics in the museum to the maximum number of Maoxian Qiang, more than 900, of which more than 800 pieces of pottery. Maoxian Qiang Museum's holdings are mainly pottery excavated from Camp Hill, on behalf of the Minjiang River early relics of the ancient Shu culture and for the Majiayao culture, the relationship between Yangshao important scientific value. There ears pottery, glass bottom tip, pointed end of light ... ... pottery-type similar to, particularly in the Grey Pottery ears tank majority.
Each plastic bag of pottery fragments, not necessarily the same objects, and Sun Jie said, "to participate in post-disaster rescue museum artifacts, not all are professionals of different pieces of cultural relics into a plastic bag is likely to occur with The. "Therefore, the repair also need to spend a lot of time to exclude non-same pottery shard, the difficulty is rare. The previous Conservation, "such as pottery unearthed tombs, archaeological excavations at the site when the staff will be loaded with a fragment of pottery in a plastic bag, fix it would be much easier." Now, only through the pottery of the child quality, shape, color, thickness will determine which piece of pottery wares may be the same, according to preliminary Crops pottery mosaic, pottery to determine the location a good one by one number, and then can be repaired.
May still have trouble. "Normally, if you do not complete excavated pottery, but also with a plaster patch on the missing part, so that a full presentation objects." Sun Jie said, but how much the repair can only find a temporary fix much. May lack some of the other plastic bag, when to wait for the discovery of finishing. The last find, find, how to deal with, "and also listen to the views of archaeologists."
Today, Sun Jie was sorted out dozens of pieces of earthenware. Minimum terracotta cup, only 5 cm diameter, broke into 7 pieces. Sun Jie stitching around a bit, leaving a shortfall on the part of the rim. In a plastic bag, just the rim jar, she found 3 types, "This shows that there are at least three pottery fragments mixed together."
Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in the repair site, the reporter saw a small flat clay pots, broke into 50 fragments, and some small decorations has not found. "This is very common, the restorer to look a little bit from the plastic bags, debris and small, and there, and dense, greatly increasing the difficulty of repair." "Post-disaster restoration of cultural relics collection is a new issue." Province Conservation Center, Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Renwei Quan said.
According to Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau of Statistics, "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake in the province more than 3000 cultural relics damaged, involved in Dujiangyan , Mianzhu, Shifang, Guanghan, the river, three, Jiangyou, Green River, Mao County, Yilong, and other counties of the cultural units. Mainly due to the dumping of shelving Shelves heritage, mutual collision caused damage to the mostly bronze, pottery, porcelain, jade and a very small amount of iron.
Repair personnel
Primary assistant line "apprenticeship"
"Time, heavy task." Participate in this post-disaster restoration professionals in cultural relics have said so. Start work at 9 am, work until 9 pm until evening, when holidays do not rest, "I can not wait to long four hands." Jie Sun quips.
Conservation professionals in our province, only 40 people. In order to successfully complete the collection of large quantities of post-disaster Conservation, Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute, Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Sanxingdui out professionals in museums, heritage restoration experts retirement Yang Wu returned to the first line to participate in "combat."
Can repair the same time, to the grass-roots training professionals? Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of the way to a double benefit. Santai County in all types need to repair more than 160 artifacts, 110 of which is the pottery. Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in the three counties to the text control room of the establishment of Conservation, will be sent to the restorer Fan Bin, three to go.
"Pottery much trouble to transport, debris and great, and pottery repair than the bronze ware, porcelain and simpler, less complex process, easy to learn." Fan Bin said.
Santai County in both tubes two staff assistants, also a student. At first, Fan Bin, how do they see themselves. A few days later, Fan Bin, the hand and teach them how to bond, how to make up with, how to polish repair type.
Mid-Autumn Festival last year, Fan Bin, did not go home, stay three repair pottery, pottery bowl, pottery, money tree base ... ... a piece of pottery recovered in the hands of his old look, two staff members are successful " apprenticeship ", pottery can be fixed independently.
Meanwhile, the restorer built their heritage back to repair the file. "Equivalent to the human medical records," said Wei Quan, which is heritage conservation at a specific time period records the status of repairs.
Conservation news open files, there are pictures of artifacts, names, repair and for repair units, heritage number, heritage texture, cleaning time, repair processes, artifacts damaged, the cultural test results, repair, use of materials and so on.
Qingchuan paper tubes, such as the four ears Ti Liang pot repair the file, the above record: "8 cm high and weighs 1550 grams, 20 August 2010 to complete cleaning." More serious damage of cultural relics, "copper is poor, deformed, the whole surrounded by artifacts of the abdomen is struck, the formation of many holes, rim has a crack split the rim. Abdomen with an approximately 20 cm cracks, so that objects into two bucket of absence. "repair technology is used in cleaning, spelled, bonding, welding, filled, do the old.
Wei Quan said that if the artifacts to the exhibition, to repair the file can provide the basis for the exhibit, the design may be based on archival records to consider the place of exhibition Chen luminosity, temperature, humidity and other conditions.
"Repair of the collection of artifacts is a major highlight of the results show." In Sanxingdui Museum, featuring design, "5.12" Wenchuan Earthquake Protection of Cultural Relics Exhibition rescue the Guanghan Zhuya Rong, deputy director of Cultural Heritage, told reporters. This exhibition, through exhibits and photos, and multimedia tools to show.
Source: Sichuan Daily
