Cultural and Natural Heritage: Mount Emei - Leshan Giant Buddha

Mount Emei is located at the southwest edge of Sichuan Basin, the transition zone to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Main peak for the Golden Summit. Peak Makha Bucha items, elevation 3099m. Relative altitude near 2600m. An area of 154km2, perimeter protection area covers an area of 469km2. Biological soil climate with a marked vertical, Buddhist culture and long history, rich content, constitutes a Mount Emei, "hung, show, god, odd" character, known as the "kingdom of plants", "Geological Museum", "Buddha Spirit Mountain," said, and a "Emei world show" of praise. 1997 was approved by UNESCO's World Heritage Committee inscribed on the World Heritage List (the dual natural and cultural heritage) [B] 1, Takehide fantastic natural scenery [/ B] going up the western edge of Mount Emei in the Chengdu Plain, the main peak Jinding cliffs volley, high-plug the sky, stand tall. Boarding the meantime, can the West balcony-capped peaks, Eastern Europe, Hirakawa luxuriant, magnificent landscape and the odd male, there is sea of clouds, sunrise, Buddha, shengdeng four wonders. Central mountains, peaks and ridges Diego peak, including Yan Ning Tsui, waterfalls Nagareizumi, fine spring-wooded and enjoy. Vertical bands of vegetation evident from the foothills to the top may be experiencing sub-tropical to cold weather and watch a variety of bands of the plant landscape. The majestic mountain scenery and beautiful landscapes as well as fantastic weather plants organically integrate the landscape, which is very rare in China's mountains. [B] 2, geology, geomorphology [/ B] the late Mesozoic geological history of China Yanshan movement Mo set the contours of Mount Emei geological structure, the new phase of the Himalayan tectonic movement, and its accompanying strong uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has created a magnificent Takehide the modern landscape of Mount Emei. Emei former Cambrian strata (commonly known as China Sinian) since, in addition to missing, the dinner Tao, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous deposits, the rest are deposits of various age strata. Which retained the typical signs and a large number of sedimentary facies fossils for the study of sedimentary facies, restoration of ancient environment, the global bio-stratigraphy and biogeography in the history of research provides important information. Emei Shan Ping Medina profile on the pre-Cambrian - Cambrian boundary of carbonate platform facies of the study, Bian Triassic Long openings profile on the tidal-flat facies of the study; Late Permian mafic magma spray overflow of the Emeishan basalt on continental rifting, the mantle deep process of lithosphere evolution and other studies have an extremely important value, has become the Chinese and foreign scholars to conduct geological research base. Emei modern landscape is a new tectonic crustal uplift and surface forces demolished two together in opposite directions results. Different tectonic - stratigraphic context of rock have different genetic types of the landscape. The main types are: tectonic geomorphology, water erosion, geomorphology, karst topography and tectonic denudation terraces are the main landscape types of Emei Mountain. Produced a variety of landscape types varied natural landscape. So that Mount Emei has won a "show under heaven," praise. [B] 3, climate, soil [/ B] Emeishan climate, except by the three factors (radiation, atmospheric circulation, geographic) constraints, the topography plays a very important role. Scenic area in low clouds, fog, rainfall (to when the famous "West rain screen"), the vertical temperature changes significantly: there is cold (altitude 3047m above the annual average temperature of 3.OC, extreme minimum temperature of a 20.9 ℃) , sub-frigid zone (elevation 2200m a 3047m, the average annual temperature of 7.6 ℃), temperate (elevation 1200 m 1 2200m, the average annual temperature of 13.1.C), subtropical (elevation 1200m below the average annual temperature of 17.2.C, extreme maximum temperature 38.3.C). It is 30 years of climate survey data, the average annual rainfall of Mount Emei 1922mm, annual mean relative humidity of 85%, the annual average number of snow days, 83 days, the annual average of 322.1 days foggy day, the annual average sunshine in the foothills of 951.8 hours, the Peak to 1398.1 hours. Hunan 139.4 days average fog, rain Hunan 141.3 days, which is the same latitude of the natural environment is an extremely rare "Yu-shu Qionghua" spectacle. Emei soil, due to diverse soil-forming parent materials, soil types vary, with a significant vertical. The main soil types are: yellow, mountain yellow soil, yellow brown, dark brown soil and sub-alpine mountain ash soil. [B] 4, Plant [/ B] a variety of natural elements in the intersection of Mount Emei region, the formation of rich plant species and complex floristic composition. Its main holding sign: first, the plant species is extremely Feng Xuan, and the higher value. In the only 154km 'within the scenic area is now known to have higher plants, 242 Branch, 3200 more than about one-tenth of the total number of plant species in China, accounting for one-third of the total number of plant species in Sichuan. This is the world's rare. Which reached more than 1600 kinds of medicinal plants, the current world to treat cancer with paclitaxel, podophyllotoxin, camptothecin, Harringtonine so here are the distribution of germplasm resources, which traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine development and maintenance of human health made a significant contribution; more than 500 species of flowering plants, only one of the world to spend a few daimyo Rhododendron species, modern distribution centers in western China, Mount Emei in the region, with as many as 29 kinds of azaleas, China The octagonal lotus session of the plant, nine kinds of communism, the country (including sub-species), there are six kinds of Emeishan; light industry, chemical industry, food, etc. more than 600 kinds of plants; other Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, mountain tea Branch, Rosaceae, tiger ears Cephalotus other species are very abundant. At the same time the whole mountain forest coverage rate reached 87%, and the preservation of over 1000 cliff mulberry trees, and even incense tree, Azusa, persimmons, Castanopsis, Huang Xin-night together, white Xin tree, the Hundred Days blue, fir trees and other important kinds of quality of resources. Mount Emei is the first listed state-level protection of up to 31 species of plants, accounting for the total number of column-level protection of plant 10%. Emei Shan is an important reservoir of the world's plant resources. Second, the original and many endemic species. Emei Mountain holding species of plants rich in endemic species or China Emeishan a total of 320 species of endemic species, accounting for 10% of the total number of mountain plants at a rate higher than the national. Is only produced in the first time in Mount Emei Mount Emei, or found and the "Emei" Naming and reached more than 100 kinds of plants, such as Parakmeria Emei, Emei Mountain berry grass, pepper, Emei, Emei willow, dwarf birch Emei, Emei small country rattan, Itea Emei, Emei Pueraria lobata, Emei rib wool cane, sugar cane, etc. Emei scales. The same time, the origin of the ancient flora composition, single-species branches, single-species and less species and intercontinental discontinuous distribution of many taxa, such as the well-known plant arch-tung, Alsophila spinulosa, gingko, and even incense trees, water, Aoki, uniflora, Euptelea in plant classification, etc. are some isolated taxa, morphological characteristics have been maintained over the original purchase; Magnolia Megnolia glauca Manglietia smile Michelic, Dandong, hemlock, Osmanthus, Wanshou bamboo, heather, Schisandra and others are opposed to North America The discontinuous distribution of taxa, which are inherited from the former Tertiary species. Third, it has the world's most typical, best-preserved subtropical vegetation types, with the original, complete with a vertical sub-tropical forests. As the Emeishan plant species diversity, community composition caused by the complexity and diversity of community types. Mount Emei has a forest plant communities, shrub and grass, outer layers and layer being developed and the structural integrity of character. Layers from a single species rarely the dominant species composition, mostly for multi-dominant species. From low to high by the evergreen broad-leaved forest - evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest - mixed forest - sub-alpine coniferous forest forests form a complete vertical bands constitute the diversity of the natural landscape Emei And is the world's best preserved subtropical mountain landscape of the original vegetation. Fourth, the complex flora. Mount Emei the complexity of the flora is more reflected in the composition of the existing Chinese - Japanese flora, another China - Himalayan flora composition, and the tropical, subtropical and temperate plant ingredients of plant ingredients are here converging who form a strange natural landscape, such as tropical and subtropical evergreen species Castanopsis, Dandong, Schima superba, Eurya wood, etc., up to 2200m above sea level and above living in cold and humid nature, temperature of fir, hemlock, etc., under the extended elevation of 1800m, armed with the warm, Betula, etc. constitute the whole, the formation of a special color Banlan Emei mountain of streaky also known as mixed coniferous forest belt. Emei Mountain area in such a narrow range of intrinsic hidden wealth of plant germplasm resources and the integrity of vegetation types, which in China and the world is not more common, so the plant has been subject to foreign Emei botanists and plant lovers attention, favor, and aspire to. Scenic tour in the region, in order to protect natural resources and ecological environment, specially protected areas designated four rare plant species and a plant landscape protection areas, the implementation of special protection. [B] 5, Animal [/ B] Emeishan more than 2300 kinds of animals. Of which: rare specialty and in Emei as a model there are 157 kinds of origin: national-level protection, 29 species listed. Mammals in the red panda, also known as "Red Panda", has been included in the 1974 enactment of the "Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora International Trade Convention," Appendix H species. Birds, bees eagle, crested eagle, Besra, Bai Peng, spot back swallowtail and other 9 species of the twentieth century, the sixties are animal germplasm in China's Sichuan Province a new record. Insects as many as 268 kinds of butterflies belonging to as many as 53 specialty Emei. Rare butterflies and the China-based heroes such as dead leaves Vanessa is especially rare. Amphibians Emei Kun toad Scutiger citrinopileatus, Emei tree frog, spotted frog and other peaks up to 13 items. Oligochaetes Pheretima in, such as Mount Emei Dura earthworm as many as 15 species, is a major advantage of Mount Emei. [B] 6, Buddhist culture, [/ B] Takehide magical Mount Emei, thousands of years with its unique charm, attracting countless believers, pilgrims, scholars, academics and monks came to visit Mountain Buddha, saying pass through, and write poetry painting, Shu Man Kee tour, creating a bright Mount Emei culture, famous at home and abroad. AD, a century, Buddhism imported from India via the southern Silk Road Mount Emei, Yaonongpugong in this golden key to create Puguang Hall. 3rd century AD, Samantabhadra faith that spread in the mountains, the Chinese monk Hui held in the center to create a heart downhill Fukenji (this years Temple). 6 By mid-century, the world development of Buddhism from India to gradually shift the focus of China, Sichuan became the center of Zen Buddhism in China, the construction of Buddhist temples have come into being, the history of the temple had a maximum of up to 100-plus. The 8th century AD, the Zen alone Sheng, Zen dominate the whole mountain. 9 mid-century, which brought Zhao Kuangyin, sent to the nuns, led by monks, following the industry to India. After returning home, following instructions from the industry in mind to create a mountain temple, Transwhiz followers, casting heavy 62T, high 7.85m giant bronze statue of Samantabhadra Temple dedicated to this years, becoming Buddha Emei Mountain in the boutique culture, very high artistic value. For thousands of years, Mount Emei this "Buddhism Holy Land" has to "Fugen temple" in name, with the Wutai Mountain in Shanxi, Zhejiang, Putuo Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and the mountains known as the four famous Chinese Buddhist Chinese and foreign. Dip long history in the past years, the Mount Emei Buddhism is not only accumulated a wealth of cultural treasures, but also remains a large number of precious cultural relics. 30 scenic spots within the existing pro at the temple, construction area of about 100,000 square meters pro, they are distinctive, rich character. One of the flying palace, thousands of years without beam brick temple hall are the 12 countries to protect products. Buddhist relics many kinds, including high-5.8m, 7 party of 14 layers, inside and outside the casting complete version of "Sutra" of more than 4700 text and statues bronze statue of the Huayan towers, thousands of years the Ming Dynasty bronze Buddha Temple, and the Ming Dynasty, the King of Siam The gift of the "Bayeux via", which are rare treasures. Emei existing point of 164 cultural relics, temples and museums collections over 6890, of which the protection of cultural relics belonging to the State grading more than 850 pieces, they all have different histories, cultural and artistic value. Has a long tradition of Chinese martial arts originated in Buddhist meditation in the power, absorbing the dynamic power of Taoism, as well as the reactive anti-brigade combat skills, derived from the three major schools of Chinese martial arts into one of the Emei faction, spread so far. As the "Holy Land Buddhism," "world famous" in Mount Emei, thousands of years, well-known at home and abroad, in addition to Buddhist advocacy, Fotu's worship has always been with the celebrity bachelor, literati man of the Wing-chan, recording and dissemination of closely related. A famous poet Li Bai and Su had many poems praising Emei Mountain has Braised Sunburn population. In Asan (ancient Sui Shan), the Sandy Bay not far from the town, there is a modern writer Kuo Mo-jo's home. Kuo Mo-jo wrote many poems Emei, Emei be called a poet, his writing of "the world famous" title is already packed full of rare treasures. Leshan Giant Buddha, Emei Shan Dong Lu in the habitats of Lingyun Mountain Peak bend the point of Minjiang, Dadu, Qingyi the confluence of three rivers. Buddha is a mountain hewn early 8th century seated Buddha statues of Maitreya, the construction lasted for 90 years. Tong Gao 71m, sitting height 59.96m, as the world's tallest stone Buddha Maitreya. Grand Rapids, carrying nine mountains, facing the three rivers converging, carving lines, smooth, well-proportioned, solemn. North and South Block Liangbi Buddha, there are 90 pro-straight Tang Dynasty stone statues, which "Pure Land Change" niches, "three Buddha" Po-rated art high quality goods, great artistic value. Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area from the reactor within the Qin and Han cliff-tomb, the Tang Dynasty Buddha, Pagoda, Temple, 9 Song Yuan City, such as anti-monuments, cultural landscapes-intensive, and the integration with the natural landscape off each other. [B] Natural Heritage [/ B] for several thousand years, Mount Emei, "hung, show, god, green" has been well-preserved ecological environment and rich natural heritage has attracted worldwide attention. Now according to "natural scenery", "geological features," "Plant Resources", "Animals" Dengxiang the content of the list followed by the election brochures. [B] 1, Mount Emei main natural landscape [/ B] Emeishan Takehide fantastic natural scenery and bright, from the foot of the tour to the Peak 60Km Road, dotted with hundreds of natural landscapes, Leshan Giant Buddha scenic mountains near the water, magnificent scenery, second to none, now list the main landscapes are presented below: [B] 1 clouds Vatican Palace [/ B] must Xiang Yi Yiwan Foding board Emei, looking back at Look East, the sky clear blue, sea of clouds writhed, steep towering Lei Jin Xiang Li clouds. The sun, towering temples, Joan Tower Health Fai, like a magic unpredictable Vatican Palace. [B] 2 Golden Summit Sunrise [/ B] before dawn, the sky pitch-black. On the eastern horizon revealing strands of Hongxia, a little purple slowly rising from the dark into the light, Modi, jumped slightly, a red spray book out of a moment, dawn sky, the Emei Shan to become gold in the world [B] 3 Leshan Giant Buddha [/ B] the world's tallest Buddha statues stone cliff base, backed by Lingyun Hill, facing the Dadu River. Lex Big Buddha. Mountain is a Buddha, Buddha is a mountain, natural scenery and cultural heritage will be organically integrated. High ornamental value. [B] 4 Longdong springs [/ B] is located in the vicinity of Mao brook. Izumiguchi a diameter of about 4m, the depths of unpredictable spring cave. Whenever the sunny afternoon, spring surging jet, sunlight shines upon the water, colorful fountain on the show ring, ring with the spring moving, colorful eye-catching. [B] 2, Emei Mountain geology, geomorphology [/ B] Emeishan geological features, mainly in sedimentary strata of the more complete and the Late Permian Emeishan basalt tectonic significance of the special nature of Mount Emei tectonic crustal deformation, as well as a unique type of modern landscape of the far-reaching impact and other aspects. Mainly manifested in the landscape on the genetic type of landscape diversity, planation surface development, high mountains and deep valleys, steep terrain and so on. [B] heritage [/ B] in the past 2,000 years of civilization, history, Mount Emei Scenic Area (including the Leshan Giant Buddha) left a large number of precious historical relics and monuments, it is the common wealth of mankind, the world's treasures.

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